Antler Comb Production in the Settlement at Suceagu-Rădaia (Cluj County). A
Contribution to the Study of the Cultural Contacts at the Beginnings of the Migration
Period

OPREANU, CORIOLAN HORAȚIU; LĂZĂRESCU, VLAD-ANDREI

EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS 32 (XXXII/2022)

Antler Comb Production in the Settlement at Suceagu-Rădaia (Cluj County). A Contribution to the Study of the Cultural Contacts at the Beginnings of the Migration Period

(pages 95-134)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33993/ephnap.2022.32.95

Download PDF

Authors:
CORIOLAN HORAȚIU OPREANU
Institute of Archaeology and History of Art Cluj-Napoca, Romanian Academy – Cluj Branch, M. Kogălniceanu 12–14, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, RO; e-mail: choprean@yahoo.com

VLAD-ANDREI LĂZĂRESCU
Institute of Archaeology and History of Art Cluj-Napoca, Romanian Academy – Cluj Branch, M. Kogălniceanu 12–14, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, RO; e-mail: vlad.lazarescu@academia-cj.ro; lazarescu_vlad@yahoo.com

Keywords: Early Migration period, Transylvania, antler comb workshop, cultural contacts, chronology.

Abstract
The authors are presenting the antler combs discovered as part of the rural settlement at Suceagu – Rădaia, Cluj County. From the very beginning of the archaeological research, the numerous fragments of processed antler pointed towards the presence of a workshop similar to those already known at Bârlad – “Valea Seacă” or from other contemporary settlements in the Central-Eastern European region. The typological classification of the combs discovered here illustrated the presence of three types of combs having a single row of teeth and semi-circular handle, as well as double-sided combs. Of great significance is the zoomorphic decoration present on one of the combs belonging to one of the combs having a single row of teeth and semi-circular handle. The association of combs with a single row of teeth with double-sided ones represents a chronological as well as a cultural “marker” for the Early Migration period, other known analogies pointing towards the area of the Late Roman Pannonian Limes. Double-sided combs are found in a small number in the Sântana de Mureș – Černjachov environment, the chronology of these types of combs, as well as of other small finds identified in the Suceagu – Rădaia settlement, accounting for the presence of antler comb workshops here, during the chronological stages D1-D2. The presence of a production centre for double-sided combs at Pericei, a site positioned beyond the north-western limes of the former province of Dacia Porolissensis, represents a milestone that marks a possible route for cultural influences reaching towards the settlement at Suceagu – Rădaia. To conclude, the present study illustrates the existence of a cultural mixture between the local Sântana de Mureș – Černjachov milieu with northern cultural influences coming from the environment of the Germanic federates in the area of the Pannonian limes. Such a complex phenomenon should have its beginnings around AD 400, at a time when the important cultural environments of the Sântana de Mureș – Černjachov and Przeworsk cultures are starting to fade out of their existence. Mediation between the areas of southern Poland and north-western Transylvania took place, as indicated by the spatial distribution of numerous metal or ceramic artefacts through settlements in eastern Slovakia and north-eastern Hungary, areas that acted as real bridgeheads over the Carpathian Basin.

References:

[1] ASSKAMP ET ALII 2007
M. AßKAMP, M. BROUWER, J. CHRISTIANSEN, H. KENZLER, L. WAMSER (Ed.), Luxus und Dekadenz. Römisches Leben am Golf von Neapel (Mainz 2007).

[2] BARKÓCZI 1993
L. BARKÓCZI, Megjegyzések Valeria 4–6. századi történetéhez. II Hiányos hagymafeyes fibulák és ruhatük. Budapest Régiségei 30, 1993, 327–350.

[3] BECK ET ALII 2021
A. Beck, Zs. Rácz, E. Soós, G. Pintye, 5. századi településrészlet és temető Nyíregyháza határában. Csorda-Páskum II., M3–58. Lelőhely. Archaeologiai Értesítő 146, 2021, 107–154.

[4] BELDIMAN 1992
C. BELDIMAN, Piese de toaletă şi podoabă din secolul al IV-lea e.n. descoperite în estul Transilvaniei. Studii și Cercetări de Istorie Veche și Arheologie 43, 1, 1992, 71–80.

[5] BICHIR 1984
Gh. BICHIR, Geto-dacii din Muntenia în epoca romană (Bucureşti 1984).

[6] BÍRÓ 1994
T. BÍRÓ, The Bone Objects of the Roman Collection. Catalogi Musei Nationalis Hungarici. Seria Archeologica 2 (Budapest 1994).

[7] BÍRÓ 2002
M. T. BÍRÓ, Combs and comb-making in Roman Pannonia: ethnical and historical aspects. In: J. Tejral (ed.), Probleme der frühen Merowingerzeit im Mitteldonauraum (Brno 2002), 31–71.

[8] BÓZSA 2016
A. BÓZSA, A szépségápolás tárgyi emlékanyaga Pannonia Magyarországra eső részén (Doktori Disszertáció) (Budapest 2016).

[9] BÓZSA 2017
A. BÓZSA, Instruments of beauty care from the Hungarian part of Pannonia. Dissertationes Archaeologicae ex Instituto Archaeologico Universitatis de Rolando Eötvös nominatae 3, 5, 2017, 423–438.

[10] BOZU/EL SUSI 1987
O. BOZU/G. EL SUSI, Aşezarea romană târzie de la Moldova Veche. Punctul “Vinograda Vlaşkicrai”(judeţul Caraş-Severin). Banatica 9 (1987), 239–270.

[11] BŘEZINOVÁ/HRNČIARIK 2021
G. BŘEZINOVÁ/E. HRNČIARIK, An Antler Workshop on a Germanic Settlement at Nitra, Slovakia. In: M. Wild, B. A. Thurber, S. Rhodes, C. G. St-Pierre (eds.), Bones at a Crossroads. Integrated Worked Bone Research with Archaeometry and Social Zooarchaeology (Leiden 2021), 119–131.

[12] CHOYKE 2013
A. M. CHOYKE, Hidden Agendas: Ancient Raw Material Choice for Worked Osseous Objects in Central Europe and Beyond, In: A. M. Choyke, S. O’Connor (eds.), From These Bare Bones. Raw Materials and the Study of Worked Osseous Objects. Proceedings of the Raw Materials Session at the 11th ICAZ Conference, Paris, 2010 (Oxford 2013), 1–11.

[13] CIUCĂLĂU 2014
D. CIUCĂLĂU, About Prismatic Antler Pendants from Sântana de Mureș-Cernjachov Culture. Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 1, 2014, 36–39.

[14] DAICOVICIU 1928–1932
C. DAICOVICIU, Un nou “miliarium” din Dacia. Analele Institutului de Studii Clasice 1, 2, 1928–1932, 48–53.

[15] DAVIDESCU 1989
M. DAVIDESCU, Cetatea romană de la Hinova (București 1989).

[16] DERKS/VOS 2010
T. DERKS, W. VOS, Wooden Combs from the Roman Fort at Vechten: the Bodily Appearence of Soldiers. Journal of Archaeology in the Low Countries 2.2 (2010), 53–77.

[17] DESCHLER-ERB 1998
S. DESCHLER-ERB, Beinartefakte aus Augusta Raurica. Rohmaterial, Technologie, Typologie und Chronologie (Forschungen in Augst 27) (Augst 1998).

[18] DIACONU 1962
Gh. DIACONU, Despre pandantivele prismatice de os din necropola de la Târgșor. Studii și Cercetări de Istorie Veche 13, 1962, 2, 441–445.

[19] DIACONU 1965
Gh. DIACONU, Târgşor. Necropola din secolele III–IV e. n. (Bucureşti 1965).

[20] DIACONU ET ALII 1977
Gh. DIACONU/M. TZONY/M. CONSTANTINESCU/V. DRÂMBOCIANU, L’ensamble archéologique de Pietroasele, Dacia N.S. 21, 1977, 199–220.

[21] DOBOS ET ALII 2021
A. DOBOS/S. S. GÁL/I. KELEMEN/E. NEPARÁCZKI, 5th-century burials from Sângeorgiu de Mureș-Kerek-domb (Mureș County, Romania). In: Zs. Rácz, G. Szenthe (eds.), Attila’s Europe? Structural Transformation and Strategies of Success in the European Hun Period. Extended, annotated proceedings of the international conference organised by the Hungarian National Museum and the Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, June 6–8, 2019 (Budapest 2021), 327–360.

[22] DUMITRAȘCU 1983
S. DUMITRAȘCU, Podoabe și piese de îmbrăcăminte din mileniul I e.n. Crisia 13, 1983, 33–142.

[23] FODOREAN 2002
F. Fodorean, Observații în legătură cu infrastructura și suprastructura drumurilor romane din Dacia Porolissensis. Revista Bistriței 15, 2001, 60–76.

[24] FODOREAN 2002
F. Fodorean, Drumurile din Dacia romană (Cluj-Napoca 2006).

[25] GINDELE 2010
R. GINDELE, Die Entwicklung der kaiserzeitlichen Siedlung im Barbaricum im nordwestlichen Gebiet Rumäniens (Satu Mare 2010).

[26] GRUMEZA 2016
L. GRUMEZA, Piepteni și alte ustensile de îngrijire corporală descoperite în Banat și în Câmpia de Vest a României (perioada antichității târzii-începtul epocii migrațiilor). Arheologia mileniului I p. Chr. 5, 2016, 127–148.

[27] GUIDE 1920
A Guide to the Exhibition Illustrating Greek and Roman Life in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities of the British Museum (London 1920).

[28] HERVAI 1984
J. HERVAI, Népvándorláskori csontfésűk. Budapest Régiségei 26, 1984, 337–345.

[29] HOREDT 1982
K. HOREDT, Siebenbürgen in spätrömisher Zeit (Bukarest 1982).

[30] HRNČIARIK 2017
E. HRNČIARIK, Bone and Antler Artefacts from the Roman Fort at Iža (Nitra-Trnava- Komárom 2017).

[31] IGNAT/BULZAN 1997
D. IGNAT/S. BULZAN, Roman Imperial Period Discoveries in the Middle Basin of Barcău River. Acta Musei Porolissensis 21, 1997, 487–522.

[32] IONIȚĂ 1971
I. IONIȚĂ, Das Gräberfeld von Independența (Bonn 1971).

[33] IONIȚĂ 1977
I. IONIȚĂ, La nécropole du IV-e siècle de n.è. à Miorcani. Inventaria Archaeologica VIII (R42-R51) (Bucarest 1977).

[34] IONIȚĂ/MAMALAUCĂ/VORNIC 2009
I. IONIȚĂ/M. MAMALAUCĂ/V. VORNIC, Antichitatea târzie în bazinul Prutului (Bârlad 2009).

[35] ISTVÁNOVITS/KULCSÁR 1999
E. ISTVÁNOVITS/V. KULCSÁR, Sarmatian and Germanic people at the Upper Tisza Region and South Alföld at the beginning of the Migration Period. In: J. Tejral/Chr. Pillet/M. Kazanski (eds.), L’Occident romain et l’Europe centrale au début de l’époque des grandes migrations (Brno 1999), 1999, 67–94.

[36] KAZANSKI 1999
M. KAZANSKI, Les barbares en Gaule du Sud-Ouest durant la première moitié du Ve siècle, In: J. Tejral, C. Pilet, M. Kazanski (eds.), L’Occident romain et l’Europe centrale à l’époque des grandes migrations (Brno 1999), 15–23.

[37] KOVÁCS 1912
I. KOVÁCS, A marosszentannai népvándorlaskori temető. Dolgozatok 3, 2, 1912, 250–367.

[38] LĂZĂRESCU/OPREANU 2022
V.-A. LĂZĂRESCU/C. H. OPREANU, Two ornamented antler objects from the settlement at Suceagu (Cluj County). In: S. Mustață, V.-A. Lăzărescu, V. Bârcă, V. Rusu-Bolindeț, D. Matei (Ed.), Faber. Studies in Honour of Sorin Cociș at his 65th Anniversary (Cluj-Napoca 2022), forthcoming.

[39] LĂZĂRESCU/OPREANU/COCIȘ 2016
V.-A. LĂZĂRESCU/C. H. OPREANU/S. COCIȘ, Așezările antice de la Suceagu-Rădaia (jud. Cluj), vol. I. Epoca romană (Cluj-Napoca 2016).

[40] LJUBIČEV/SCHULTZE 2021
M. LJUBIČEV/E. SCHULTZE, Ein zweireihiger Dreilagenkamm aus dem Osten des Verbreitungsgebietes de Sîntana de Mureș-Černjachov-Kultur. Ephemeris Napocensis 31, 2021, 91–112.

[41] MĄCZYŃSKA 1999
M. MĄCZYŃSKA, La fin de la culture de Przeworsk. In: J. Tejral/Chr. Pillet/M. Kazanski (eds.), L’Occident romain et l’Europe centrale au début de l’époque des grandes migrations (Brno 1999), 141–170.

[42] МАГОМЕДОВ 1979
Б. В. МАГОМЕДОВ, Кaборгa IV (рaскопки 1973–1974 гг.). In: Могильники черняховской культуры (Москвa 1979).

[43] МАГОМЕДОВ 2001
Б. В. МАГОМЕДОВ, Черняховскaя культурa: Проблемa этносa (Lublin 2001).

[44] MACREA 1969
M. MACREA, Viața în Dacia romană (București 1969).

[45] MAMALAUCĂ 2019
M. MAMALAUCĂ, Descoperiri din perioada antichității târzii în Podișul Central Moldovenesc. Necropolele de la Bogdănești-Fălciu, Pogonești și Polocin (Iași 2019).

[46] MARCU 1971
M. MARCU, Noi cercetări privind secolul al IV-lea la Hărman. Cumidava V (1971), 45–51.

[47] MARINESCU/GAIU 1989
G. MARINESCU/C. GAIU, Die Nekropole bei Fintinele “Rît“, Gem. Matei, Jud. Bistrita- Nasaud aus dem 4. Jahrhundert u. Z. Dacia N.S. 33, 1989, 125–144.

[48] MASEK 2016
Zs. MASEK, The transformation of Late Antique comb types on the frontier of the Roman and Germanic world – Early medieval antler combs from Rákóczifalva (County Jász-Nagykun- Szolnok, Hungary). Antaeus 34, 2016, 105–172.

[49] MASEK 2021
Zs. MASEK, Settlement research of the 5th century in the core of the Hunnic Empire: A chronological and stylistic approach. In: Zs. Rácz, G. Szenthe (eds.), Attila’s Europe? Structural Transformation and Strategies of Success in the European Hun Period. Extended, annotated proceedings of the international conference organised by the Hungarian National Museum and the Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, June 6–8, 2019 (Budapest 2021), 361–388.

[50] MATTHÄUS 1985
H. MATTHÄUS, Untersuchungen zu Geräte- und Werkzangformen aus der Umgebung von Pompei. Bericht der Römisch-Germanische Kommission 65, 1984 (1985), 73–158.

[51] MESTERHÁZY 2009
K. MESTERHÁZY, Eine Gräbergruppe mit nordsüdlicher Grablegung im gepidischen Gräbefeld von BiharkeresztesÁrtándNagyfarkasdomb. Acta Arch. Acad. Scien. Hungaricae 60, 2009, 73–95.

[52] MITREA/PREDA 1966
B. MITREA/C. PREDA, Necropole din secolul al IV-lea e.n. în Muntenia (București 1966).

[53] MOGA/ALDEA 1980
V. MOGA/I. Al. ALDEA, Cercetări arheologice la Ghirbom, Com. Berghin, Jud. Alba. Materiale și Cercetări Arheologice. A XIV-a Sesiune Anuală de Rapoarte (București 1980), 283–285.

[54] MUSTEAȚĂ 2016
S. MUSTEAȚĂ, Producerea pieptenilor din corn de cerb în arealul culturii Sântana de MureşČernjachov. Acta Musei Tutovensis 12, 2, 2016, 168–182.

[55] MUSTEAȚĂ 2017
S. MUSTEAȚĂ, Antler manufacturing in the Central and Eastern Europe during Late Antiquity. In: A. Rubel (ed.), Die Barbaren Roms: Inklusion, Exklusion und Identität im Römischen Reich und im Barbaricum (1.–3. Jht. n. Chr.) (Konstanz 2017), 199–237.

[56] MUSTEAȚĂ 2022
S. MUSTEAȚĂ, Antler as Raw Material for Manufacturing Various Objects in Central and Eastern Europe during Late Antiquity. In: V. Bârcă, S. Mustață, V.-A. Lăzărescu, V. Rusu-Bolindeț, D. Matei (eds.), Faber. Studies in Honour of Sorin Cosis at his 65th Anniversary (Cluj-Napoca 2022), forthcoming.

[57] MUSTEAȚĂ/POPA 2010
S. MUSTEAȚĂ/Al. POPA, Antler Manufacturing in the Eastern Carpathian Regions in the Time of Sântana de Mureş-Černjachov Culture (Late Roman Period). In: A. Legrand-Pineau, I. Sidéra, N. Buc, E. David, V. Scheinsohn (eds.), Ancient and Modern Bone Artefacts from America to Russia. Cultural, technological and functional signature (Oxford 2010), 159–170.

[58] MUȘEȚEANU 1986
C. MUȘEȚEANU, Necropola din secolul al IV-lea e.n. de la Copuzu. Cultură și Civilizație la Dunărea de Jos 2, 1986, 209–221.

[59] НИКИТИНА 1969
Г. Ф. НИКИТИНА, Гребни черняховской культуры. Советскaя Археология 1, 1969, 147–159.

[60] НИКИТИНА 2008
Г. Ф. НИКИТИНА, Ерняховскaя культурa Поднестровья (по результaтaм aнaлизa aрхеологических источников) (Москвa 2008).

[61] OPREANU 1992
C. H. OPREANU, Date preliminare privind prelucrarea osului în secolul al IV-lea e.n. în așezarea de la Suceagu (jud. Cluj). Ephemeris Napocensis 2, 1992, 159–168.

[62] OPREANU 2001
C. H. OPREANU, Ein spätrömische Riemenzunge aus der Siedlung von Suceagu (Kreis Cluj). Beiträge zur Chronologie der Völkerwanderungszeit in Siebenbürgen. In: C. Cosma, D. Tamba, A. Rustoiu (Hrsg.), Studia archaeologica et historica Nicolao Gudea dicata. Omagiu profesorului Nicolae Gudea la 60 de ani (Zalău 2001), 267–278.

[63] OPREANU 2003
C. H. OPREANU, Transilvania la sfârșitul antichității și în perioada migrațiilor (Cluj-Napoca 2003).

[64] OPREANU 2004–2005
C. H. OPREANU, Influențe culturale nordice de factură germanică în Transilvania la începutul epocii migrațiilor. Ephemeris Napocensis 14–15, 2004–2005, 167–176.

[65] OPREANU 2013
C. H. OPREANU, Burnished pottery from the settlement at Suceagu (County of Cluj, Romania). Evolution, chronology and cultural interferences. Ephemeris Napocensis 23, 2013, 51–78.

[66] OPREANU 2022
C. H. OPREANU, Brooches of Dybäck/Independența Type in Transilvania and Banat. In: S. Mustață, V.-A. Lăzărescu, V. Bârcă, V. Rusu-Bolindeț, D. Matei (Ed.), Faber. Studies in Honour of Sorin Cociș at his 65th Anniversary (Cluj-Napoca 2022), forthcoming.

[67] OPREANU/COCIŞ 2002
C. H. OPREANU/S. COCIŞ, Die Töpferwerkstätten aus dem 5. Jh. n. Chr. aus der Siedlung von Suceagu (Kr. Cluj). In: A. Rustoiu, A. Ursuţiu (Hrsg.), Interregionale und kulturelle Beziehungen in Karpatenraum (2. Jahrtausend v. Chr – 1 Jahrtausend n. Chr) (Cluj-Napoca 2002), 267–295.

[68] OTTOMÁNYI 2001
K. OTTOMÁNYI, “Hunkori” sírok a pátyi temetőben. Archaeologiai Értesítő 126, 1–2, 2001, 35–74.

[69] OTTOMÁNYI 2008
K. OTTOMÁNYI, Hunnenzeitliche Gräber in Budakalász und Páty. Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae 2008, 229–261.

[70] OTTOMÁNYI/GABLER 1985
K. OTTOMÁNYI/D. GABLER, Római telepek Herceghalom és Páty határában. A pátyi terra sigilláta. Studia Comitatensia 17, 1985, 185–272.

[71] PALADE 1966
V. PALADE, Atelierele pentru lucrat piepteni din os din secolul al IV-lea de la Bîrlad-Valea Seacă. Arheologia Moldovei IV (1966), 261–277.

[72] PALADE 1969
V. PALADE, Noi ateliere de lucrat piepteni din corn de cerb în secolul al IV-lea la Bîrlad-Valea Seacă. Carpica II (1969), 233–252.

[73] PALADE 1971
V. PALADE, Un nou centru de prelucrare a cornului de cerb în secolul al IV-lea e. n. la Fedești, com. Suletea (jud. Vaslui). Carpica IV (1971), 207–214.

[74] PALADE 2004
V. PALADE, Așezarea și necropola de la Bârlad – Valea Seacă secolele III–V. Monografie (București 2004).

[75] PETKOVIĆ 1995
S. PETKOVIĆ, Rimski predmeti od kosti I roga sa teritorije Gornje Mezije (Beograd 1995).

[76] PETRAUSKAS 2003
O. V. Petrauskas, Die Gräberfelder der Černjachov-Kultur von Kosanovo und Gavrilovka – eine vergleichende Studie zu Chronologie, Bestattungssitten und ethnokulturellen Besonderheiten, Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 83, 2003, 224–351.

[77] ПЕТPАУСКАС 2021
О. В. Петрaускaс, Черняхiвськa культурa тa гуни (зa мaтерiaлaми aрхеологiчних пaм’яток Укрaїни). Археологія 2, 2021, 15–32.

[78] PETRESCU 2002
F. PETRESCU, Repertoriul monumentelor arheologice de tip Sântana de Mureș-Cerneahov de pe teritoriul României (București 2002).

[79] PETRESCU 2010
F. PETRESCU, Cultura Sântana de Mureș – Cerneahov. Arheologie și istorie, In: A. Măgureanu, E. Gáll (eds.), Între stepă și imperiu. Studii în onoarea lui Radu Harhoiu (București 2010), 64–78.

[80] PIETA 1991
K. PIETA, The North Carpathians at the Beginning of the Migration Period. Antiquity 65/247 (1991), 376–387.

[81] PIETA 1999
K. PIETA, Anfänge der Völkerwanderungszeit in der Slowakei (Fragestellungen der zeitgenössichen Forschung). In: J. Tejral, C. Pillet, M. Kazanski (sous dir.), L’Occident romain et l’Europe centrale au début de l’époque des Grandes Migrations (Brno 1999), 171–189.

[82] PIETA/RUTTKAY 1997
K. PIETA/M. RUTTKAY, Germanische Siedlung aus dem 4. und 5. Jh. in Nitra – Párovské Háje und Probleme der Siedlungskontinuität. In: J. Tejral, H. Friesinger, M. Kazanski (Hrsg.), Neue Beiträge zur Erforschung der Spätantike im mittleren Donauraum (Brno 1997), 145–163.

[83] PINTYIE 2009
G. PINTYIE, A kárpát-medencei szarmata települések csontfésűi. Archaeologiai Értesítő 134, 2009, 165–195.

[84] POP/PRIPON/CSOK 2004
H. POP/E. PRIPON/Zs. CSOK, Dacians at the north western frontier of Dacia 2nd century AD. In: L. Ruscu, C. Ciongradi, R. Ardevan, C. Roman, C. Găzdac (eds.), Orbis Antiqvvs. Studia in honorem Ioannis Pisonis (Cluj-Napoca 2004), 687–703.

[85] POP ET ALII 2020
H. POP, R. GINDELE, P. PUPEZĂ, T. TALOȘ, M. DUNCA, H. COCIȘ, 56. Pericei, com Pericei, jud. Sălaj. Punct: “strada Gouț nr. 767”. Cronica cercetărilor arheologice din România. Campania 2019 (București 2020).

[86] PROTASE 2003
D. PROTASE, Țaga: două așezări din perioada finală a etnogenezei românilor (sec. IV–VI și sec. VII–VIII) (Cluj-Napoca 2003).

[87] PUGSLEY 2003
P. PUGSLEY, Roman Domestic Wood. Analyses of morphology, manufacture and use of selected categories of domestic wooden artefacts with particular reference to the material from Roman Britain (Oxford 2003).

[88] RÁCZ 2016
Zs. RÁCZ, Zwischen Hunnen- und Gepidenzeit. Frauengräber aus dem 5. Jahrhundert im Karpatenbecken. Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 67, 2, 2016, 301–359.

[89] SALAMON/BARKÓCZI 1971
Á. SALAMON/L. BARKÓCZI, Bestattungen von Csákvár aus dem Ende des 4. und dem Anfang des 5. Jahrhunderts. Alba Regia 11, 1971, 35–80.

[90] SĂȘIANU 1980
A. SĂȘIANU, Moneda antică în vestul și nord-vestul României (Oradea 1980).

[91] STANCIU 2008
I. STANCIU, Etapa finală a epocii romane imperial și începutul epocii migrațiilor în Barbaricum-ul din nord-vestul României. Ephemeris Napocensis 18, 2008, 147–169.

[92] SCHUKIN/CHAROV 1999
M. SCHUKIN. O. CHAROV, A propos de la fin de la civilisation de Tcherniakhov, In: J. Tejral, C. Pillet, M. Kazanski (sous dir.), L’Occident romain et l’Europe centrale au début de l’époque des Grandes Migrations (Brno 1999), 327–340.

[93] ШИШКИН 1999
P. Г. ШИШКИН, Клaссификaция и типология трехслойныхгребней черняховской культуры, Сто років вивченнякультур полів поховaнь нa Укрaїні: ТД семінaру (Київ,14–16 грудня 1999) (Київ 1999), 43–47.

[94] ШИШКІН 2002
P. Г. ШИШКИН, Хронологические признaки трехслойных гребней черняховской культуры, Д. Крижицький (ред.), Сучaсні проблеми aрхеології (Київ 2002), 244–246.

[95] ȘOVAN 2005
O. L. ȘOVAN, Necropola de tip Sântana de Mureș-Cernjachov de la Mihălășeni jud. Botoșani (Târgoviște 2005).

[96] TEJRAL 1986
J. TEJRAL, Fremde Einflüsse und kulturelle Veränderungen nördlich der mittleren Donau zu Beginn der Völkerwanderungszeit. Archaeologia Baltica 7, 1986, 175–238.

[97] TEJRAL 1997
J. TEJRAL, Neue Aspekte der frühvölkerwanderungszeitlichen Chronologie im Mitteldonauraum. In: J. Tejral, H. Friesinger, M. Kazanski (Hrsg.), Neue Beiträge zur Erforschung der Spätantike im mittleren Donauraum (Brno 1997), 321–342.

[98] TEJRAL 1999
J. TEJRAL, Archäologischkulturelle Entwicklung im norddanubischen Raum am Ende der Spätkaiserzeit und am Anfang der Völkerwanderungszeit. In: J. Tejral/Chr. Pillet/M. Kazanski (eds.), L’Occident romain et l’Europe centrale au début de l’époque des grandes migrations (Brno 1999), 203–271.

[99] TEJRAL 2000
J. TEJRAL, The Problem of the Primary Acculturation at the Beginning of the Migration Period. In: M. Mączyńska, T. Grabarczyk (Hrsg.), Die spätrömische Kaiserzeit und die frühe Völkerwanderungszeit in Mittel und Osteuropa (Łodz 2000), 5–31.

[101] TEJRAL 2007
J. TEJRAL, Das Hunnenreich und die Identitätsfragen der barbarischen “gentes” im Mitteldonauraum aus der Sicht der Archäologie. In: J. Tejral (Hrsg.), Barbaren im Wandel. Beiträge zur Kultur und Identitätsumbildung in der Völkerwanderungszeit (Brno 2007), 55–119.

[102] THOMAS 1960
S. THOMAS, Studien zu den germanischen Kämmen der römischen Kaiserzeit. Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege 8, 1960, 54–215.

[103] THUET 2003
A. THUET, Un atelier de production de peignes en bois de cerf de la fin de l’Antiquité tardive à Saint-Claire-sur-Epte (Eure). In: I. Riddler (ed.), Materials of Manufacture. The Choice of Materials in the Working of Bone and Antler in Northern and Central Europe During the First Millenium AD (Oxford 2003), 25–39.

[104] TICA 2018
G. TICA, The First Late Antique Composite Combs in Western Illyricum: Roman or Barbarian? In: M. Janežič, B. Nadbath, T. Muhl, I. Žižek (eds.), Nova odkritja med Alpami in Črnim morjem: rezultati raziskav rimskodobnih najdišč v obdobju med leti 2005 in 2015. Zbornik 1. mednarodnega arheološkega simpozija, Ptuj, 8. in 9. oktober 2015 / New discoveries between the Alps and the Black Sea: results from the Roman sites in the period between 2005 and 2015. Proceedings of the 1st International Archaeological Conference, Ptuj, 8th and 9th October 2015. In memoriam Iva Mikl Curk (Ljubljana 2018), 401–426.

[105] TOROPU/TĂTULEA 1987
O. TOROPU, C. TĂTULEA, Sucidava. Celei (București 1987).

[106] ȚAU/NICU 2011
S. ȚAU/M. NICU, Obiecte de toaletă. Pieptenii din necropola birituală de secol IV d. Chr. de la Barcea. Acta Musei Tutovensis 6, 2011, 67–76.

[107] VADAY 1975
A. VADAY, Ein ‚barbarisches” Skelettgrab von Zagyvarékas (Komitat Szolnok). Mitt. Arch. Inst. Ungar. Akad. 5, 1974 [1975], 81–88.

[108] WALKER 1989
S. WALKER, Two Spartan Women and the Eleusinion. In: S. Walker, A. Cameron (Ed.), The Antler Comb Production in the Settlement at Suceagu-Rădaia (Cluj County) 115 Greek Renaissance in the Roman Empire. Papers from the tenth British Museum Classical Colloquium (Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies Suppl. 55) (London 1989), 130–141.

[109] WERNER 1964
J. WERNER, Herkuleskeule und Donar-Amulett. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 11, 1964, 176–199.

[110] WERNER 1988
J. WERNER, Danceny und Brangstrup: Untersuchungen zur Cernjachov-Kultur zwischen Sereth und Dnestr und zu den “Reichtumszentren” auf Fünen. Bonner Jahrbücher 188, 1988, 241–286.

[111] WINKLER/TAKACS/PĂIUȘ 1979
I. WINKLER/M. TAKACS/Gh. PĂIUȘ, Aşezarea dacică şi daco-romană de la Cicău. Apulum 17, 1979, 129–193.

[112] ZAHARIA/ZAHARIA/ȘOVAN 1993
N. ZAHARIA/Em. ZAHARIA/O. L. ȘOVAN, Necropola din secolul al IV-lea d. Chr. de la Hăneşti (Jud. Botoşani). Arheologia Moldovei 16, 1993, 151–189.

[113] ZEMAN 2006
T. ZEMAN, Sídliště z pozdní doby římské ve Zlechově. Stav zprachování, východiska a cíle projektu (Eine Siedlung aus der späten römischen Kaiserzeit in Zlechov. Zum Stand der Bearbeitung, Ausgangspunkte und Ziele eines Projekts). In: Archeologie Barbarů 2005. Sbornik příspěvků z I. protohistorické konference “Pozně keltské, germánské a časně slovanské osídlení”, Kounice, 20–22. září 2005 (Praha 2006), 451–469.

[114] ZEMAN 2007
T. ZEMAN, Vorläufiger Bericht über die spätkaiserzeitliche Siedlung in Zlechov. In: J. Tejral (Hrsg): Barbaren im Wandel. Beiträge zur Kultur- und Identitätsumbildung in der Völkerwanderungszeit (Brno 2007), 277–305.

EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS

Issues

Antler Comb Production in the Settlement at Suceagu-Rădaia (Cluj County). A Contribution to the Study of the Cultural Contacts at the Beginnings of the Migration Period