Commentaria Archaeologica et Historica (VII). 1. Again about the location of the 	 
expedition of Aelius Catus and the displacement of the northern Danubian Getae to 	 
the south of the river. 2. The “Bastarnae” and the “Celts” from Transylvania in ca. 200 	 
BC. Comments regarding the “burial” discovered at Iernut (Mureş County)

RUSTOIU, AUREL

EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS 33 (XXXIII/2023)

Commentaria Archaeologica et Historica (VII). 1. Again about the location of the expedition of Aelius Catus and the displacement of the northern Danubian Getae to the south of the river. 2. The “Bastarnae” and the “Celts” from Transylvania in ca. 200 BC. Comments regarding the “burial” discovered at Iernut (Mureş County)

(pages 139-162)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33993/ephnap.2022.33.139

Download PDF

Authors:
AUREL RUSTOIU
Academia Română, filiala Cluj-Napoca. Institutul de Arheologie şi Istoria Artei. Str. Mihail Kogălniceanu 12–14, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania. E-mail: aurelrustoiu@yahoo.com

Keywords: Getae, Bastarnae, Celts, Moesia, funerary rituals, Human mobility, migrations, deportation, exogamy.

Abstract
Abstract: 1. Again about the location of the expedition of Aelius Catus and the displacement of the northern Danubian Getae to the south of the river. In a polemic paragraph, Strabo (VII.3.10) mentions briefly that “in our own times Aelius Catus has removed from the opposite side of the Danube into Thrace fifty thousand Getae, who speak a language cognate with the Thracian. They still inhabit the very spot, and pass by the name of Moesi”. Strabo’s paragraph has been widely discussed in archaeological literature and many Romanian researchers have commonly located the intervention of the governor of Macedonia in the Wallachian Danube’s area (eastward the confluence of the Olt River with the Danube). Recently, I suggested that the “trans-Danubians” must have been relocated in an area from eastern Serbia and north-western Bulgaria. Vladislav Zhivkov and Zdravko Dimitrov have offered new arguments for this localization. Analysing the discoveries on the right bank of the Danube between the Timok and the Ogosta rivers, they observed that a number of new settlements and cemeteries appeared at the beginning of the 1st century AD precisely in this previously scarcely populated region. The inventories of these settlements and cemeteries have analogies northward the Danube. That is why the aforementioned Bulgarian researchers have come to the conclusion that their appearance was most likely linked to the displacement of the northern Danubian Getae to the south of the river at the beginning of the 1st century AD, under the orders of Aelius Catus. The conclusion presented by Zhivkov and Dimitrov is pertinent and well supported by archaeological evidence, confirming my earlier hypothesis regarding the area where the Roman authorities most likely resettled the northern Danubian Getae.
2. The “Bastarnae” and the “Celts” from Transylvania in ca. 200 BC. Comments regarding the “burial” discovered at Iernut (Mureş County). A recent discovery brings again into discussion the issue of the relations between the “Bastarnae” from the east of the Carpathians and the communities from Transylvania. The archaeological feature in question, probably a burial, was discovered in 2016 near Iernut (Mureş County). The feature can be dated to the end of the La Tène C1, that is before or around 200 BC. The discovery may represent a ritual, a symbolic burial of a person, probably a woman, originating from the “Bastarnae” cultural environment from the east of the Carpathians. Its presence in Transylvania could be potentially related to a matrimonial “alliance” concluded between members of the elites from the two geographic and cultural areas. It is worth underlining that the “burial” from Iernut is another example of the role played by individual and collective mobility in the circulation of goods and also of concepts, ideas, customs, knowledge etc from one cultural area to another, contributing to the long-distance inter-community exchanges.

References:

[1] BABEȘ 1971
M. BABEȘ, Necropola daco‑romană de la Enisala. Studii şi cercetări de istorie veche 22.1, 1971, 19–45.

[2] BABEȘ 1985
M. BABEȘ, Date arheologice şi istorice privind partea de nord‑est a Daciei în ultimele secole înaintea erei noastre. Studii şi cercetări de istorie veche şi arheologie 36.3, 1985, 183–214.

[3] BABEȘ 1993
M. BABEȘ, Die Poieneşti‑Lukaševka‑Kultur. Ein Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte im Raum östlich der Karpaten in den Jahrhunderten vor Christi Geburt (Bonn 1993).

[4] BABEȘ/IARMULSCHI 2020
M. BABEȘ/V. IARMULSCHI, Aşezarea şi necropola de tip Poieneşti‑Lucaşeuca de la Boroseşti (jud. Iaşi) (Chişinău 2020).

[5] BENEA 1989
D. BENEA, Contribuţii la istoria relaţiilor politice dintre Imperiul Roman şi geto‑daci (expediţia lui Aelius Catus). Apulum 26 1989, 147–159.

[6] BERECKI 2008
S. BERECKI, The La Tène Settlement from Moreşti (Cluj‑Napoca 2008).

[7] BERZOVAN 2022
A. BERZOVAN, At the borders of the Great Steppe. Late Iron Age hillforts between the Eastern Carpathians and Prut (5th –3rd centuries BC). Cluj‑Napoca 2022.

[8] BOTEVA 2012
D. BOTEVA, Ancient literary tradition on Moesi/Moesia (Mid. Ist c. BC – Mid Ist c. AD). In: L. Vagalinski et al. (eds.), The Lower Danube Roman Limes (Sofia 2012), 9–22.

[9] BUJNA 1995
J. BUJNA, Malé Kosihy. Latènezeitliches Gräberfeld. Katalog. Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae 7 (Nitra 1995).

[10] BUJNA 2003
J. BUJNA, Spony z keltských hrobov bez výzbroje z územia Slovenska (Typovo‑ chronologické triedenie LT B‑a C1 spôn). Slovenská Archeólogia 51.1, 2003, 39–108.

[11] CONOVICI 1992
N. CONOVICI, Noi date arheologice privind începuturile culturii Poieneşti – Lukaševka şi prezenţa bastarnilor în Dobrogea. Studii şi cercetări de istorie veche şi arheologie 43.1, 1992, 3–13.

[12] DAICOVICIU 1972
H. DAICOVICIU, Dacia de la Burebista la cucerirea romană (Cluj 1972).

[13] DANA/MATEI‑POPESCU 2006
D. DANA/F. MATEI‑POPESCU, Le recrutement des Daces dans l’armée romaine sous l’empereur Trajan: une esquisse préliminaire. Dacia N. S. 50, 2006, 195–206.

[14] DANA/MATEI‑POPESCU 2009
D. DANA/F. MATEI‑POPESCU, Soldats d’origine dace dans les diplômes militaries. Chiron 39, 2009, 209–256.

[15] DIZDAR 2003
M. DIZDAR, Prilog poznavanju kasnog latena u istocnoj Slavoniji. Opuscula Archaeologica 27, 2003, 337–349.

[16] DZINO 2010
D. DZINO, Illyricum in Roman politics 229 BC – AD 68 (Cambridge 2010).

[17] EGRI 2011
M. EGRI, Review of Nina A. Lejpunskaja†, Pia Guldager Bilde, Jakob Munk Højte, Valentina V. Krapivina, Sergej D. Kryžickij, The Lower City of Olbia (Sector NGS) in the 6th Century BC to the 4th Century AD (2 vols.). Black Sea Studies 13. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2010. 657; 407 p. of plates. Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2011.03.44.

[18] EGRI 2012
M. EGRI, “A warrior never dies”. The manipulation of tradition in early funerary contexts from Pannonia. In: S. Berecki, S. (ed.), Iron Age Rites and Rituals in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the International Colloquium from Târgu Mureş, 7–9 October 2011 (Cluj‑Napoca – Târgu Mureş 2012), 503–529.

[19] EGRI 2019
M. EGRI, Connectivity and social dynamics in the Carpathian Basin (1st century BC–1st century AD). An archaeological investigation (Cluj‑Napoca 2019).

[20] EGRI/RUSTOIU 2014
M. EGRI/A. RUSTOIU, Sacred conviviality in the Lower Danube region. The case of the Sâncrăieni hoard. Studia Universitatis “Babeş‑Bolyai”. Historia 59.1, 2014, 153–188.

[21] EGRI/RUSTOIU 2022
M. EGRI/A. RUSTOIU, Late Iron Age silver hoards from Dacia. In: I. Bertrand, E. Durham, J. Hall, J. Keily, M.G. Knight (eds.), Hoarding and deposition in Europe from later prehistory to the medieval period – finds in context (Chauvigny 2022),107–122.

[22] ETTLINGER 1973
E. ETTLINGER, Die römischen Fibeln in der Schweiz (Bern 1973).

[23] FERENCZ 2007
I. V. FERENCZ, Celţii pe Mureşul mijlociu. La Tène-ul timpuriu şi mijlociu în bazinul mijlociu al Mureşului (sec. IV–II î. Chr.) (Sibiu 2007).

[24] FERENCZ 2011
I. V. FERENCZ, About the end of Celtic presence in South-Western Transylvania. In: M. Guštin, M. Jevtić (eds.), The Eastern Celts. The Communities between the Alps and the Black Sea (Koper–Beograd 2011), 171–178.

[25] FERENCZ/CIUTĂ 2005
I. V. FERENCZ/M. CIUTĂ, Consideraţii pe marginea unor materiale descoperite la Șeuşa. Istros 12, 2005, 239–254.

[26] FEUGÈRE 1985
M. FEUGÈRE, Les fibules en Gaule méridionale (Paris 1985).

[27] GAVRILJUK 2010
N. A. GAVRILJUK, Handmade pottery. In: A. Lejpunskaja, P. Guldager Bilde, J. Munk Højte, V. V. Krapivina, S. D. Kryžickij, The Lower City of Olbia (Sector NGS) in the 6th Century BC to the 4th Century AD. Black Sea Studies 13 (Aarhus 2010), 335–354.

[28] HAMILTON/FALCONER 1903
H. C. HAMILTON/W. FALCONER, The Geography of Strabo. Literally translated, with notes, in three volumes (London 1903).

[29] HELLMUTH 2006
A. HELLMUTH, Smolenice-Molpír im Licht skythischer Angriffe auf die hallstattzeitlichen Siedlungen nördlich und südlich der mährischen Pforte. Slovenská Archeológia 44.2, 2006, 191–208.

[30] HOREDT 1965
K. HOREDT, Mittellatènezeitliche Siedlungen aus Siebenbürgen. Studien aus Alteuropa 2, 1965, 54–75.

[31] HORVÁTH 1979
L. HORVÁTH, A magyarszerdahelyi kelta és római temető (Zalaegerszeg 1979).

[32] HORVÁTH 1987
L. HORVÁTH, The surroundings of Keszthely. In: T. Kovács et al. (eds.), Corpus of Celtic Finds in Hungary I (Budapest 1987), 63–178.

[33] IARMULSCHI 2016
V. IARMULSKI, A few considerations regarding the chronology of the Poeneşti–Lucaşeuca culture. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 91.2, 471–494.

[34] IARMULSCHI 2020a
V. IARMULSCHI, The Settlements of the Poieneşti-Lucaşeuca Culture (Berlin 2020).

[35] IARMULSCHI 2020b
V. IARMULSCHI, Din nou cu privire la data de început a culturii Poieneşti‑Lucaşeuca. Tyragetia 14.1., 2020, 207–214.

[36] KRISTIANSEN 1998
K. KRISTIANSEN, Europe before history (Cambridge 1998).

[37] MATEI‑POPESCU 2017
F. MATEI‑POPESCU, The Dacians from Moesia Inferior. In: V. Mihailescu‑Bîrliba Migration, Kolonisierung, Akkulturation im Balkanraum und im Osten der Mittelmeerraumes (3.Jh.v.Chr. – 6.Jh.n.Chr.) (Konstanz 2017), 139–159.

[40] MATEI‑POPESCU 2018
F. MATEI‑POPESCU, The Thracian Strategiae in Scythia Minor. In: D. Boteva‑Boyanova, P. Delev, J. Tzvetkova (eds.), Society, Kings, Gods. In Memoriam Professoris Margaritae Tachevae (Sofia 2018), 107–118.

[41] METZNER‑NEBELSICK 2000
C. METZNER‑NEBELSICK, Early Iron Age pastoral nomadism in the Great Hungarian Plain – Migration or assimilation? The Thraco‑Cimmerian problem revisited. In: J. Davis‑Kimball et al. (eds.), Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age. BAR International Series 890 (Oxford 2000), 160–84.

[42] METZNER‑NEBELSICK 2010
C. METZNER‑NEBELSICK, Aspects of Mobility and Migration in the Eastern Carpathian Basin and Adjacent Areas in the Early Iron Age (10th –7th centuries BC). In: K. Dzięgielewski, M. S. Przybyła, A. Gawlik (eds.), Migrations in Bronze and Iron Age Europe (Kraków 2010), 121–151.

[43] MÓCSY 1974
A. MÓCSY, Pannonia and Upper Moesia. A history of the Middle Danube provinces of the Roman Empire (London‑Boston 1974).

[44] NÉMETI 1992
I. NÉMETI, Necropola Latène de la Pişcolt, jud. Satu Mare. III. Thraco‑Dacica 13, 1992, 59–112.

[45] NÉMETI 1993
I. NÉMETI, Necropola Latène de la Pişcolt, jud. Satu Mare. IV. Thraco‑Dacica 14, 1993, 117–129.

[46] PÂRVAN 1926
V. PÂRVAN, Getica. O protoistorie a Daciei (Bucureşti 1926).

[47] PETOLESCU 2001
C. C. PETOLESCU, Dacia în timpul regelui Decebal. In: M. Petrescu‑Dâmboviţa/A. Vulpe (eds.), Istoria Românilor 1. (Bucureşti 2001), 672–720.

[48] PIPPIDI 1967
D. M. PIPPIDI, Contribuţii la istoria veche a României (Bucureşti 1967).

[49] POPOVIĆ 1999
P. POPOVIĆ, The Scordisci and the Bastarnae. In: M. Garašanin et al. (eds.), Le Djerdap / Les Portes de Fer, a la deuxieme moitie du premier millenaire av. J. Ch. jusqu’aux guerres daciques. Kolloquium in Kladovo-Drobeta-Turnu Severin (September–October 1998) (Beograd1999), 47–54.

[50] RĂDULESCU 2001
A. RĂDULESCU, Politica romană la Dunărea de Jos. In: M. Petrescu‑Dâmboviţa/A. Vulpe (eds.), Istoria Românilor 1 (Bucureşti 2001), 655–667.

[51] RUSCU 2002
L. RUSCU, Relaţiile externe ale oraşelor greceşti de pe litoralul românesc al Mării Negre (Cluj‑Napoca 2002).

[52] RUSTOIU 1997
A. RUSTOIU, Fibulele din Dacia preromană (Bucureşti 1997).

[53] RUSTOIU 2002
A. RUSTOIU, Războinici şi artizani de prestigiu în Dacia preromană (Cluj‑Napoca 2002).

[54] RUSTOIU 2004–2005
A. RUSTOIU, Celtic‑indigenous connections in Oltenia during middle La Tène. Observations concerning a Celtic grave from Teleşti. Ephemeris Napocensis 14–15, 2004–2005, 53–71.

[55] RUSTOIU 2006
A. RUSTOIU, A Journey to Mediterranean. Peregrinations of a Celtic Warrior from Transylvania. Studia Universitatis “Babeş‑Bolyai”. Historia 51, 1. Special Issues: Focusing on Iron Age Élites, 2006, 42–85.

[56] RUSTOIU 2008
A. RUSTOIU, Războinici şi societate în aria celtică transilvăneană. Studii pe marginea mormân‑ tului cu coif de la Ciumeşti (Cluj‑Napoca 2008).

[57] RUSTOIU 2011
A. RUSTOIU, The Celts from Transylvania and the eastern Banat and their southern neigh‑ bours. Cultural exchanges and individual mobility. In: M. Guštin, M. Jevtić (eds.), The Eastern Celts. The Communities between the Alps and the Black Sea (Koper–Beograd 2011), 163–170.

[58] RUSTOIU 2012
A. RUSTOIU, The Celts and Indigenous Populations from the Southern Carpathian Basin. Intercommunity Communication Strategies. In: Berecki, S. (ed.), Iron Age Rites and Rituals in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the International Colloquium from Târgu Mureş, 7–9 October 2011 (Cluj‑Napoca – Târgu Mureş 2012), 357–390.

[59] RUSTOIU 2013
A. RUSTOIU, Wandering warriors. The Celtic grave from “Silivaş” (Transylvania) and its story. Terra Sebus. Acta Musei Sebesiensis 5, 2013, 211–226.

[60] RUSTOIU 2016
A. RUSTOIU, Settlements of life and death: Human interments in late Iron Age sites from the Sighişoara region (Mureş county, Romania). In: S.‑C. Ailincăi (ed.), Settlements of Life and Death. Studies from Prehistory to Middle Ages. Proceedings of an International Colloquium, Tulcea, 25th–28th of May 2016 (Cluj‑Napoca 2016), 313–330.

[61] RUSTOIU 2017a
A. RUSTOIU, Thracians – Illyrians – Celts. Cultural connections in the northern Balkans in the 4th–3rd centuries BC. Starinar 67, 2017, 33–52.

[62] RUSTOIU 2017b
A. RUSTOIU, Silver jewellery in the early La Tène cemeteries from Banat. The hybridization of bodily ornaments. Dacia N. S. 61, 2017, 183–205.

[63] RUSTOIU 2018
A. RUSTOIU, ”Wanderkrieger” – Das keltische Grab von ”Silivaş” (Siebenbürgen) und seine Geschichte. In: W. David (ed.), Roms unbekannte Grenze. Kelten, Daker, Sarmaten und Vandalen im Norden des Karpatenbeckens. 4 Jh. v. Chr. bis 4 Jh. n. Chr (Manching 2018), 76–81.

[64] RUSTOIU 2020
A. RUSTOIU, Commentaria archaeologica et historica (III). Chronology of the Dacian silver hoards. Ephemeris Napocensis 30, 2020, 11–38.

[65] RUSTOIU 2021
A. RUSTOIU, Human mobility and identity constructs in the eastern Carpathian Basin during the Late Iron Age. Some preliminary observations. In: A. Rustoiu/M. Egri (eds), Community dynamics and identity constructs in the eastern Carpathian Basin during the Late Iron Age. The impact of human mobility (Cluj‑Napoca 2021), 13–30.

[66] RUSTOIU 2022a
A. RUSTOIU, The archaeology of female mobility and identity in southern Carpathian Basin. In: M. Dizdar (ed.), Iron Age Female Identities in the Southern Carpathian Basin. Serta Instituti Archaeologici 19 (Zagreb 2022), 44–61.

[67] RUSTOIU 2022b
A. RUSTOIU, The “Dacian” silver hoards from Moesia Superior. Transdanubian cultural connections in the Iron Gates region from Augustus to Trajan. Starinar 72, 2022, 109–131.

[68] RUSTOIU 2022c
A. RUSTOIU, Conexiuni culturale transdanubiene: tezaurele de argint ”dacice” din Moesia Superior. In: M. Ștefan et al. (eds.), Arheologia trecerii de la epoca fierului la epoca romană în Dacia. Contacte şi conflicte în secolele I–II p. Chr. (Târgovişte 2022), 65–89.

[69] RUSTOIU ET AL. 2017
A. RUSTOIU/I. V. FERENCZ/A. DRĂGAN, Dacian fortified settlements in the Iron Gates region during Late Iron Age (2nd century BC – 1st century AD). In: A. Zanoci/V. Sîrbu/M. Băţ (eds.), Iron Age fortifications on the Tisa‑Dniester space. Proceedings of Saharna Summer Colloquium July 14th–17th, 2016 (Chişinău – Brăila 2017), 187–208.

[70] RUSTOIU ET AL. 2021
A. RUSTOIU/M. EGRI/I. V. FERENCZ, Human mobility and cultural and social identity changes in south‑western Transylvania. An archaeological approach. In: A. Rustoiu/M. Egri (eds), Community dynamics and identity constructs in the eastern Carpathian Basin during the Late Iron Age. The impact of human mobility (Cluj‑Napoca 2021), 31–58.

[71] RUSTOIU/BERECKI 2014
A. RUSTOIU/S. BERECKI, Celtic elites and craftsmen. Mobility and technological transfer during the late Iron Age in the eastern and south‑eastern Carpathian Basin. In: S. Berecki (eds.), Iron Age Crafts and Craftsmen in the Carpathian Basin. Proceedings of the International Colloquium from Târgu Mureş, 11–13 October 2013 (Târgu Mureş 2014), 249–278.

[72] RUSTOIU/BERECKI 2016
A. RUSTOIU/S. BERECKI, Cultural encounters and fluid identities in the eastern Carpathian Basin in the 4th–3rd centuries BC. In: I. Armit et al. (eds.), Cultural Encounters in Iron Age Europe. Arheolingua, Series Minor 38 (Budapest 2016), 285–304.

[73] RUSTOIU/BERECKI 2019
A. RUSTOIU/S. BERECKI, Craftsmanship and community in the eastern Carpathian basin during the Late Iron Age (4th–3rd centuries BC). Apulum 56, 2019, 89–130.

[74] ŠAŠEL KOS 2011
M. ŠAŠEL KOS, The Roman conquest of Dalmatia and Pannonia under Augustus – some of the latest research results. In: M. Moosbauer, R. Wiegels (eds.), Fines imperii – imperium sine fine? Römische Okkupations‑ und Grenzpolitik im frühen Principat. Beiträge zum Kongress `Fines imperii – imperium sine fine?` in Osnabrück vom 14. Zum 18. September 2009 (Rahden/ Westf. 2011), 107–117.

[75] SAYAR 2021
M. H. SAYAR, Mass deportation as migration practice in Antiquity. In: V. Cojocaru, A. I. Pászint (eds.), Migration and identity in Eurasia: from ncient times to the Middle Ages (Cluj‑Napoca 2021), 75–86.

[76] SHCHUKIN 1994
M. B. SHCHUKIN, Na rubezhe er. Opyt istoriko‑arkheologicheskoj rekonstruktsii politich‑ eskikh sobytij III v. do n. e – I v. n. e v Vostochnoj i Tsentralnoj Evrope (Sankt‑Peterburg 1994).

[77] SNYTKO 2016
I. A. SNYTKO, Decree in honor of the citizen Protogenes in the context of the history of Olbia polis in the 3rd Century BC (historical and archaeological aspect). Stratum Plus 3, 2016, 45–66.

[78] SPÂNU 2019a
D. SPÂNU, Core issues of Late La Tène periodization in Romania. Peuce 17, 2019, 167–206.

[79] SPÂNU 2019b
D. SPÂNU, Fibulae with Canid Protome (Tierkopffibeln) in Romania. Plural 7.2, 2019, 111–128.

[80] TANKÓ/TANKÓ 2012
E. TANKÓ/K. TANKÓ Cremation and deposition in the Late Iron Age cemetery at Ludas. In: Berecki, S. (ed.), Iron Age rites and rituals in the Carpathian Basin. P roceedings of the International Colloquium from Târgu Mureş, 7–9 October 2011 (Cluj Napoca – Târgu Mureş 2012), 249–258.

[81] TKACIUK 1994
M. TKACIUK, Manifestări culturale din sec. V–I a. Chr. Thraco‑Dacica 15, 1994, 251–256.

[82] TODOROVIĆ 1972
J. TODOROVIĆ, Praistorijska Karaburma I. Nekropola mladeg gvozdenog doba (Beograd 1972).

[83] URSUȚIU/URÁK 2019
A. URSUȚIU/M. URÁK, A late Iron Age timber walled construction from the middle Mureş valley. Ephemeris Napocensis 29, 2019, 165–176.

[84] VENCLOVÁ 2002
N. VENCLOVÁ, External contacts: visible and invisible. In: A. Lang, V. Salač (eds.), Fernkontakte in der Eisenzeit (Praha 2002), 72–82.

[85] VULPE 1976
R. VULPE, Studia Thracologica (Bucureşti 1976).

[86] WELLS 2007
P. S. WELLS, Weapons, ritual and communication in Late Iron Age Northern Europe. In: C. Haselgrove, T. Moore (eds.), The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond (Oxford 2007), 468–477.

[87] WOZNIAK 1974
Z. WOŹNIAK, Wschodnie pogranicze kultury latènskiej (Wroclaw‑Warszawa‑Kraków‑Gdansk 1974).

[88] ZHIVKOV/DIMITROV 2023
V. ZHIVKOV/Z. DIMITROV, The Getae who were called Moesi. Changing landscape in the Lt D2/Augustan age between the Timok and Ogosta rivers (North‑Western Bulgaria). In: M. Egri, A. Rustoiu (eds.), The Archaeology of Communities and Landscapes in the Carpathian Basin. Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Cluj‑Napoca 2023), 199–2014.